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免疫治療 Immunotherapy

認識免疫治療

認識免疫治療

免疫治療(Immunotherapy)是透過加強癌症患者的免疫系統,
增加患者身體可辨認及對抗癌細胞的能力。1
相對於動手術、化療、放射治療等較普及的方式,
免疫治療是近幾十年較新、仍在發展中的治療方法。2

免疫治療(Immunotherapy)是透過加強癌症患者的免疫系統,增加患者身體可辨認及對抗癌細胞的能力。1 相對於動手術、化療、電療等較普及的方式,免疫治療是近幾十年較新、仍在發展中的治療方法。2

免疫治療是甚麼?

免疫系統與癌症

要理解甚麼是免疫治療,首先要認識人體的免疫系統。

人體的免疫系統由各個器官、特定細胞及物質組成,包括白血球、淋巴系統等,保護我們免受疾病侵襲。免疫系統會不斷監視體內的物質,一旦發現有未能辨認的「外來物」(foreign),例如一些異常、有缺陷的細胞或帶有人體不應存在之蛋白的細菌、病毒等,系統就會發起攻擊。1,3,4

儘管如此,有時候,免疫系統的反應亦未必夠強消除癌細胞。1,4 同時,部分癌細胞甚至會在細胞表面表達出能逃避免疫系統跟蹤的物質(如在細胞表面表達出PD-L1蛋白),令到癌細胞難以被辨認出。1,4 因此,很多免疫系統健全的人仍可能會患上癌症。1,4

免疫治療的原理

免疫治療正是從癌症患者的免疫系統入手,透過藥物幫助患者的身體提升免疫反應,令到他們的身體從而有能力抵抗癌細胞,例如4

激活、促進免疫系統的天然防禦能力,讓其可更好尋找及攻擊癌細胞

利用人工免疫系統組成物,恢復或改善免疫系統尋找及攻擊癌細胞的能力

1. 釋放癌細胞抗原(癌細胞死亡)
2. 癌症抗原呈現(樹突狀細胞/APC)
3. 啟動和活化(APC和T細胞)
4. T細胞向腫瘤的運輸(CTLs)
5. T細胞滲透至腫瘤和基質
6. T細胞對癌細胞的識別
7. 殺死癌細胞(免疫細胞和癌細胞)

圖片參考來源: 5. Chen DS, Mellman I. Immunity.
2013;doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.012.

免疫治療的功用

教育免疫系統辨認和
攻擊特定的癌細胞6

幫助提升免疫細胞
殺死癌細胞6

輔助身體
提升免疫反應6

免疫治療的優點

精準治療特性,可以只
對癌細胞攻擊,並不會
影響其他正常細胞6

“記得”癌細胞的形
狀,因此它可以在癌
症復發時將同一種癌
細胞鎖定及消除6

使免疫系統可以持續地
調整,如果有腫瘤未被
偵測到,免疫系統會重
新評估並發出新的攻擊6

免疫治療的種類

免疫治療有很多種,包括7

1. 免疫檢查點抑制劑(Immune checkpoint inhibitors)

免疫檢查點抑制劑可防止癌細胞逃過免疫檢查點的監察,讓免疫系統內負責清除外來物的T細胞保持毒殺細胞的能力(cytotoxic ability),攻擊癌細胞。

現時主要的免疫檢查點抑制劑藥物包括: PD-1抑制劑、PD-L1抑制劑及CTLA-4抑制劑等。

癌細胞上的蛋白與T細胞上的蛋白結合
從而抑制T細胞攻擊癌細胞10

免疫檢查點抑制劑通過阻斷這種蛋白的結合
讓T細胞能辨認並攻擊癌細胞10

癌細胞上的蛋白與T細胞上的蛋白結合從而抑制T細胞攻擊癌細胞10

免疫檢查點抑制劑通過阻斷這種蛋白的結合讓T細胞能辨認並攻擊癌細胞10

2. 單克隆抗體(Monoclonal antibodies)8

單克隆抗體藥物為人工製造的免疫系統蛋白,設計上可與特定癌細胞結合,為癌細胞留下記號,讓免疫系統更容易發現及清除癌細胞。免疫檢查點抑制劑 (Immune checkpoint inhibitors)也是其中一種單克隆抗體。

甚麼人適合免疫治療?

病人支援

確診癌症後,有甚麼可以問醫生?

以下是一些可能幫助患者了解自己是否適合免疫治療,並與醫生討論治療方案的相關問題22,23

  • 什麼是免疫治療?免疫治療適合我嗎?
  • 如何接受免疫治療?治療需進行多少次?要打多久?
  • 免疫治療將在哪裡進行?需要住院嗎?
  • 免疫治療的成功率有多大?如何得知免疫治療多久後會有成效?
  • 可以做些什麼來減低副作用?
  • 免疫治療會影響日常活動嗎?
  • 有什麼日常注意事項?

立即向醫生發問,現在問,發現更多可能!

1. Cancer Research UK. What is immunotherapy. Available at: www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy. Accessed Aug 2024. 2. Dobosz P, Dzieciatkowski T. Front Immunol 2019;10:2965. 3.  InformedHealth.org. In brief: How does the immune system work? Available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279364/. Accessed Aug 2024. 4. American Cancer Society. How immunotherapy is used to treat cancer. Available at: www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/treatment-types/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy.html. Accessed Aug 2024. 5. Chen DS, Mellman I. Immunity. 2013;doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.012. 6. Cancer Research Institute. Immunotherapy in-depth. Available at: www.cancerresearch.org/what-is-immunotherapy. Accessed Aug 2024. 7. Zhang Y, Zhang Z. Cell Mol Immunol 2020;17:807-821. 8. National Cancer Institute. Immunotherapy to treat cancer. Available at: www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy. Accessed Aug 2024. 9. Cancer Research institute. Regulatory approval timeline of active immunotherapies. Available at: www.cancerresearch.org/regulatory-approval-timeline-of-active-immunotherapies. Accessed Aug 2024. 10. National Cancer Institute. Immune checkpoint inhibitors. Available at: www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy/checkpoint-inhibitors. Accessed Aug 2024. 11. National Cancer Institute. Microsatellite instability-high cancer. Available at: www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/microsatellite-instability-high-cancer. Accessed Aug 2024. 12. National Cancer Institute. Mismatch repair deficiency. Available at: www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/mismatch-repair-deficiency. Accessed Aug 2024. 13. National Cancer Institute. Immunotherapy and… nothing else? Studies test potential paradigm shift in cancer treatment. Available at: www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2023/neoadjuvant-immunotherapy-only-treatment. Accessed Aug 2024. 14. Barbari C, et al. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:5009. 15. National Cancer Institute. New drugs, new side effects: Complications of cancer immunotherapy. Available at: www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2019/cancer-immunotherapy-investigating-side-effects. Accessed Aug 2024. 16. National Cancer Institute. Immunotherapy side effects. Available at: www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy/side-effects. Accessed Aug 2024. 17. Cancer Research Institute. Immunotherapy side effects. Available at: www.cancerresearch.org/immunotherapy-side-effects. Accessed Aug 2024. 18. Cancer Research UK. About side effects. Available at: www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/treatment/cancer-drugs/side-effects/about. Accessed Aug 2024. 19. Hospital Authority. 關愛基金醫療援助項目涵蓋的項目. Available at: www.ha.org.hk/haho/ho/ccf/CCF_items_tc.pdf. Accessed Aug 2024. 20. Hong Kong Breast Cancer Foundation. 香港乳癌基金會推出「免疫治療藥物資助計劃」惠及有需要病人. Available at: www.hkbcf.org/upload/news/260/document_zh/65670647afc47.pdf. Accessed Aug 2024. 21. Hong Kong Anti-Cancer Society. 何鴻超教授紀念助醫計劃. Available at: hkacs.org.hk/tc/medicalnews.php?id=41. Accessed Aug 2024. 22. Cancer Council Understanding immunotherapy. Available at: www.cancersa.org.au/cancer-a-z/understanding-immunotherapy/question-checklist/. Accessed Aug 2024. 23. MedlinePlus. Immunotherapy: Questions to ask your doctor. Available at: medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000828.htm. Accessed Aug 2024.

此網站為香港市民而設。內容僅供參考,並不能代替醫生的診斷或建議。詳情請向醫生查詢。

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} .mh-header–header-7 #mh_primary > ul > li > a{ padding-bottom: 0.15em; padding-top: 0.15em; max-height: 40px; outline: none; background: transparent; } li:has(.mh-megamenu–open){ color: #298C89; border: 0.125rem solid; border-radius: 25px; padding: 0 0; height: 40px; } #mh_primary ul.mh-submenu li:nth-child(1) a { color: #005C55; border: none; padding:0px; } .mh-header–header-7 #mh_primary > ul > li > a{ padding-bottom: 0.15em; padding-top: 0.15em; max-height: 40px; } #mh_footer{ background:#FFF;} div.mh-footer-note li:nth-child(1){ margin-right: auto; } #mh_footer > div.mh-footer-note > div > nav > ul.mh-footer-menu li:nth-child(2),ul.mh-footer-menu li:nth-child(7){ margin-left: auto; } .mh-footer-main-content{ max-width: 1200px; margin: auto; } .mh-content__title{ display: none; } .mh-breadcrumb a,.mh-breadcrumb li{ color:#FFF; } .story_row_2{ width:100%; } .col2_3_col_p { max-width: 180px; text-align:left; } .p4_img,.p7_img{ max-width:350px; width:100%; } .p4_img_mob { max-width:230px; width:100%; margin: auto; } .p4_icon{ max-width:100px; width:100%; margin: auto; } .mh-breadcrumb–align-full{ display:none;} .wp-block-table{ width: 100%; overflow: auto; } .col2_3,.col_block2 div,.col_block2 div div{ width:100%; } .wp-block-table table{ text-align: center; } .wp-block-table.p2_table td:nth-child(2),.wp-block-table.p2_table td:nth-child(3){ min-width: 280px; border-right: 1px solid white; border-bottom: 1px solid white; padding:0px; width: 60%; } .wp-block-table.p2_table td:nth-child(1){ min-width: 245px; border-right: 1px solid white; border-bottom: 1px solid white; padding:15px 0px; } .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(2) td:nth-child(1),.wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(1) td:nth-child(1){ min-width: 130px; border-right: 1px solid white; border-bottom: 1px solid white; padding:0px; } .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(3) td:nth-child(2), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(4) td:nth-child(1), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(5) td:nth-child(2), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(7) td:nth-child(1), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(9) td:nth-child(2), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(11) td:nth-child(1), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(13) td:nth-child(1){ max-width: 50px; border-right: 1px solid white; border-bottom: 1px solid white; padding:0px; color:#315996; } .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(1) td:nth-child(2){ min-width: 460px; border-right: 1px solid white; border-bottom: 1px solid white; padding:0px; border-radius: 0px 15px 0 0; } .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(14) td:nth-child(4){ border-radius: 0px 0px 15px 0px; } .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(14) td:nth-child(1){ border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 15px; } .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(1) td:nth-child(2) ul{ margin:0px; } .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(2) td:nth-child(2),.wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(2) td:nth-child(3){ min-width: 230px; border-right: 1px solid white; border-bottom: 1px solid white; padding:0px; } .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(3) td:nth-child(1), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(5) td:nth-child(1), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(9) td:nth-child(1), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(14) td:nth-child(1){ min-width: 130px; border-right: 1px solid white; border-bottom: 1px solid white; padding:0px; } .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(3) td:nth-child(3), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(4) td:nth-child(2), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(5) td:nth-child(3), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(6) td:nth-child(1), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(7) td:nth-child(2), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(8) td:nth-child(1), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(9) td:nth-child(3), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(10) td:nth-child(1), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(11) td:nth-child(2), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(12) td:nth-child(1), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(13) td:nth-child(2), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(14) td:nth-child(2){ min-width: 230px; border-right: 1px solid white; border-bottom: 1px solid white; padding:0px; color:#000; } .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(3) td:nth-child(4), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(4) td:nth-child(3), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(4) td:nth-child(3), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(5) td:nth-child(4), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(6) td:nth-child(2), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(7) td:nth-child(3), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(8) td:nth-child(2), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(9) td:nth-child(4), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(10) td:nth-child(2), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(11) td:nth-child(3), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(12) td:nth-child(2), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(13) td:nth-child(3), .wp-block-table.p2_table_2 tr:nth-child(14) td:nth-child(3){ min-width: 230px; border-right: 1px solid white; border-bottom: 1px solid white; padding:0px; color:#000; } .wp-block-table thead,.wp-block-table thead th{ border-bottom: 0px solid; } .p2_table table tbody tr:nth-child(even),.p2_table_2 table tbody tr,.p2_table_2 table tbody tr:nth-child(even){ background-color:#FFFAF8; } .p2_table table tbody tr:nth-child(odd),.p2_table_2 table tbody tr,.p2_table_2 table tbody tr:nth-child(odd){ background-color:#FFEBE1; } .p2_table table thead th:nth-child(1){ background-color:#FFFAF8; border-radius: 25px 25px 0 0; padding-top: 10px; } .p2_table_2 table thead th:nth-child(1){ background-color:#FFFAF8; border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0; padding:5px 0px; } .p2_table_2 table thead th:nth-child(2){ width:0px; } .p2_table table tbody td:nth-child(2),.p2_table table tbody td:nth-child(3){ color:#00434F; font-weight: 700; } .p2_table table tbody td:nth-child(2) ul:nth-child(1){ margin:0px; display: inline-block; width: 390px; padding-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 15px; } .p2_table table tbody td:nth-child(3) ul{ margin:0px; display: inline-block; width: 280px; } .p2_table ,.p2_table_2{ color:#00434F; font-weight: 700; } .p2_table table tbody tr:nth-child(5) td:nth-child(1){ border-radius: 0px 0px 0px 25px; } .p2_table table tbody tr:nth-child(5) td:nth-child(2){ border-radius: 0px 0px 25px 0px; } .p2_sub_col1 div.mh-columns-inner div.mh-column,.p2_sub_col2 div.mh-columns-inner div.mh-column{ margin:0px; } .p4_list{ max-width:600px; } .plan_btn1{ width: 225px; } .QA_img{ min-width:65px; width:65px; } .QA_bar{ width:100%; max-width:800px; } .support_btn1{ width: 255px; } .QA_btn1{ width:250px; } figure.lightning{ width:200px; margin:auto; } ul.p4_tab_list_1 li::before{ background-color:#00434F; } ul.p4_tab_list_1 li{ margin: 0; } ul.p4_tab_list_1 { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; } #what_is .pie_chart_text2{ width:100%; text-align:right; } figure.img_pie_chart_line1 { width: 30%; margin-top: -16%; margin-left: 50%; margin-bottom: -3%; } figure.img_pie_chart_line2 { width: 10%; margin-top: -4%; margin-left: 35%; margin-bottom: -10%; z-index: 1; } .p2_dot_list{ gap: 0em; } .p4_stack .p2_dot_list{ width:100%; } .p4_stack .p2_dot_list p{ text-align:justify; margin-top: -5px; } #what_is .p2_dot_list p { text-align:left; } .p2_dot{ width:18px; height:18px; min-width:18px; min-height:18px; } .p2_img{ width:40px; height:40px; min-width:40px; min-height:40px; } .w100{ width:100%; } #mconnect-theme-banner-container-4373 > div > div > div > div > div.banner__content.sub__entry__content > div > a,#mh_back_to_top_link > a,.cta_btn{ background-color:#00434F; border: 1px #FFF solid; } sup{ white-space: pre; } .mh-nav-side-accordion ul li{ margin: 20px 0; } .mh-tabs–primary .mh-tabs-nav .mh-tabs-control .mh-tabs-control-next, .mh-tabs–primary .mh-tabs-nav .mh-tabs-control .mh-tabs-control-prev{ padding: 0px 8px; height: 40px; } .QA_list{ max-width: 800px; width: 100%; } .mh-nav–primary li:hover{ color: #298C89; border-bottom: 0.125rem solid; padding: 0 0; height: 40px; } .mh-nav–primary .mh-submenu li:hover{ color: #298C89; border: none; padding: 0 0; height: 40px; } .footer_code::before { content: “HK-KEY-00970/May 2025”; color:#000; }