乳癌 Breast Cancer


乳癌是甚麼?


乳癌種類
乳癌是發生在乳房組織的癌症,大約70%-75%個案均於乳腺管中形成(在乳房負責將乳汁引導至乳頭的組織),另有約10%-15%則源自乳小葉。2, 3
乳癌常見類型為:
-
入侵性乳腺管癌(Invasive Ductal Carcinoma(IDC))
- 最常見的乳癌,約佔乳癌的70%-75%
- 原發於乳腺管,並穿透管壁入侵乳房脂肪組織
-
入侵性乳小葉癌(Invasive Lobular Carcinoma(ILC))
- 約佔所有乳癌的10%-15%
- 原發於乳小葉
其他類型的乳癌包括炎性乳癌、柏哲氏病等,但這些就較為少見。
除了病理分類,乳腺癌一般可按照雌體素受體(ER)、黃體酮受體(PR)、第二型人類上皮生長素受體(HER2)的型態,及癌症生長指數(Ki-67),大概分為四個主要生物學亞型4-7:
亞型 | 生物標記表現 | 特性 |
---|---|---|
管腔A型 |
|
|
管腔B型 |
或
|
|
HER2陽性 |
|
|
三陰性 |
|
|

乳癌統計數字
在香港,乳癌是女性最常見的癌症,2022年共5,182宗新症,並有792人因乳癌死亡。4 以一生累積風險計算,大約每14名女性便有一人最終會患上乳癌。4 此外,本港數據亦顯示,乳癌發病率近年有持續上升的趨勢,每年確診個案由2001年1,997宗倍升至2022年的5,182宗。9

乳癌的成因
乳癌的成因與很多因素有關,包括2,10:
- 女性
- 年齡:年紀愈大,患癌機會愈高
- 家族病史
- 遺傳基因:約5-10%乳癌屬遺傳性個案
- 曾接受放射治療
- 肥胖
- 未曾或遲生育
- 未曾喂哺母乳
- 早來月經
- 接受荷爾蒙補充療法
- 吸煙
- 缺乏運動
根據本地近2萬名乳癌患者的資料分析,四大最常見的風險因素為3:

77.5%
缺乏運動
(每周少於3小時的運動)

65.9%
未有餵哺母乳

38.7%
超重/肥胖

37.0%
感到很大壓力

乳癌症狀
每位乳癌患者的情況都不同,因此症狀也未必一樣,部分人更可能毫無徵狀。11
乳癌常見症狀有11-13:
任何人如出現上述症狀和前兆或懷疑自己患上乳癌,都應盡早求醫,進行相關檢查,確定病因。

乳癌分期
目前乳癌的分期主要依據TNM系統為骨幹,按照腫瘤大小和影響範圍(T)、腋下淋巴結轉移情況(N),以及是否擴散至其他器官(M)等歸類為第一至四期。第一及二期屬於早期癌症,第三及四期則為較晚期。14,15
分期 | |||
---|---|---|---|
乳癌0期16,17又稱原位癌 |
| ||
腫瘤大小 | 擴散情況 | ||
第1期18,19 | A | ≤2厘米 | 未擴散到乳房以外 |
B | 未發現≤2厘米 | 擴散到乳房附近淋巴結 | |
第2期20,21 | A | 未發現≤2厘米 | 擴散到1-3顆腋下淋巴結 |
>2至≤5厘米 | 沒有擴散 | ||
B | >2至≤5厘米 | 擴散到1-3顆附近淋巴結 | |
>5厘米 | 沒有擴散 | ||
第3期22,23 | A | 未見或任何大小 | 擴散到4-9顆附近淋巴結 |
>5厘米 | 擴散到1-3顆附近淋巴結 | ||
B | 任何大小 |
擴散到胸壁組織、 乳房皮膚有腫漲、發炎或潰瘍跡象、 可能擴散到高達9顆附近淋巴結 | |
C | 可能未見或任何大小 |
擴散到達10顆或更多腋淋巴結、 胸骨淋巴結和/ 或鎖骨下淋巴結 | |
第4期24,25 | 任何大小 |
擴散到其他器官, 例如骨骼、肺部、肝臟及腦 |

診斷及生物標記檢測

常見問題


術前治療(Neo-adjuvant therapy)是在主要療法前(通常為手術或放射治療)的治療方法,旨在於手術/放射治療前將腫瘤縮小。而術後治療(Adjuvant therapy)則指在主要療法後的治療方法,旨在消滅殘餘在體內的癌細胞,從而減低復發風險。43,44

醫學界鼓勵婦女進行定期乳房檢查,包括自我檢查、醫生觸診檢查及乳房X光造影檢查,以及早發現乳癌。45,46 研究顯示,以乳房X光造影檢查的乳癌篩查,可以降低確診時的乳癌期數,從而改善治療方案並提高存活率,將乳癌死亡風險減低約20%。47,48
本地專家組建議,乳癌高風險女性可由35歲或按醫生指示每年接受乳房X光造影檢查,而其他一般風險女性則可根據醫生建議每隔兩年檢查一次。49

曾經或現在患有乳腺癌,並且正在考慮懷孕及生育的患者,請諮詢主診醫生意見。詢問癌症及其治療是否影響胎兒健康,以及完成治療及康復多久才適合計劃孕育新生命。50,51
對於想懷孕但擔心治療後無法受孕的乳癌患者,可以考慮生育科技協助,包括雪藏卵子及人工受孕等。52
如有任何疑慮,患者應諮詢主診醫生的意見。


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